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摘要:本文將針對大型公共建筑能耗監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)當(dāng)中安裝設(shè)備的特定分類、分項(xiàng)能耗裝置進(jìn)詳細(xì)分析,借助GPRS/Wi-Fi等無線傳輸技術(shù)手段,將大型公共建筑能耗檢測到的數(shù)據(jù)信息進(jìn)行動態(tài)化分析,切實(shí)為我國節(jié)能減耗事業(yè)做出貢獻(xiàn),對大型公共建筑的能耗消耗情況進(jìn)行監(jiān)控,若發(fā)現(xiàn)了能耗過大的問題進(jìn)行優(yōu)化與管控.
??Abstract: in this paper, the specific classification and itemized energy consumption devices of the equipment installed in the energy consumption monitoring system of large public buildings will be analyzed in detail, and the data information detected by the energy consumption of large public buildings will be dynamically analyzed with the help of GPRS / Wi Fi and other wireless transmission technologies, so as to make a practical contribution to the cause of energy conservation and consumption reduction in China, Monitor the energy consumption of large public buildings, and effectively optimize and control if excessive energy consumption is found.
??關(guān)鍵詞:監(jiān)控系統(tǒng);能耗裝置;控制系統(tǒng)
??Key words: monitoring system; Energy consumption device; Control system
??0.背景 background
??我國建設(shè)部提出,經(jīng)過大數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,2020年底,全國建筑總面積已經(jīng)超過400億平方米,建筑能耗將達(dá)到十點(diǎn)九億噸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤,建筑在建造和使用過程中直接消耗的能源已占全社會總能耗的百分之三十左右。我國當(dāng)前大型公共建筑能耗在計(jì)量、傳輸、節(jié)能監(jiān)管層次存在一定問題,粗放式能耗管理在一定程度會造成大量的能耗浪費(fèi),大型公共建筑能耗監(jiān)測與節(jié)能管理已經(jīng)成為我國節(jié)能減耗工作的重心。雖然我國當(dāng)前已經(jīng)開展了信息化能好監(jiān)管工作,但是很多地方因?yàn)閿?shù)據(jù)采集自動化程度較低,管理信息化程度較低,在數(shù)據(jù)上報(bào)的過程中,存在諸多問題,直接增加了能耗數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)的難度。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)能耗數(shù)據(jù)信息采集,對能源消耗情況進(jìn)行動態(tài)化管控,本文將針對大型公共建筑能耗監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行詳細(xì)分析。
??China's Ministry of construction has proposed that through the statistical analysis of big data, by the end of 2020, the total construction area of the country has exceeded 40 billion square meters, and the building energy consumption will reach 1.09 billion tons of standard coal. The energy directly consumed by buildings in the process of construction and use has accounted for about 30% of the total energy consumption of the whole society. At present, there are some problems in the measurement, transmission and energy-saving supervision of energy consumption of large public buildings in China. Extensive energy consumption management will cause a lot of energy consumption waste to a certain extent. Energy consumption monitoring and energy-saving management of large public buildings have become the focus of energy conservation and consumption reduction in China. Although China has carried out the supervision of informatization, there are many problems of concealment in the process of data reporting, which directly increases the difficulty of energy consumption data statistics because of the low degree of automation of data collection and low degree of management informatization. In order to achieve accurate energy consumption data collection and effective dynamic control of energy consumption, this paper will analyze the energy consumption monitoring system of large public buildings in detail.
??1. 國內(nèi)外大型公共建筑能耗監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)發(fā)展 development of energy consumption monitoring system for large public buildings at home and abroad
??放眼國外來看,國外的智能樓宇技術(shù)已經(jīng)較為成熟,能耗數(shù)據(jù)信息監(jiān)測的智能化、自動化水平也相對較高。針對發(fā)達(dá)國家來說,尤其是針對大型公共建筑的能耗監(jiān)控是相當(dāng)注重的,智能化能耗監(jiān)測設(shè)備也不斷完善,工程系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行穩(wěn)定。針對我國來說,智能樓宇技術(shù)雖然有所運(yùn)用,但是缺乏系統(tǒng)化的智能樓宇集成系統(tǒng),相關(guān)觀念、理念并未形成,與國外仍然存在較大差距。我國很多智能樓宇系統(tǒng)在運(yùn)行的過程中,缺乏相關(guān)系統(tǒng)整體運(yùn)行機(jī)制,會造成事半功倍問題,導(dǎo)致投資浪費(fèi),智能樓宇監(jiān)測系的實(shí)時性、可靠性、穩(wěn)定性都很難達(dá)到世界標(biāo)準(zhǔn)水平。國外當(dāng)前很多信息化技術(shù)企業(yè)都已經(jīng)針對大型公共建筑能耗監(jiān)控系統(tǒng),研發(fā)出了與其相匹配的系統(tǒng)性產(chǎn)品,美國霍尼韋爾、美國江森自控、德國西門子等公司,都進(jìn)行了能耗監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)品研發(fā),促使國家大型公共建筑能耗監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行更加穩(wěn)定。我國智能樓宇發(fā)展雖然存在不完善之處,但是在國家和企業(yè)的共同努力推動之下,正在發(fā)展。我國上海元上能耗計(jì)量管理系統(tǒng)、研華地BEMS樓宇能源管理系統(tǒng),都展現(xiàn)出了自身*的價值,在我國大型公共建筑能耗監(jiān)控工作當(dāng)中運(yùn)用廣泛。
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??2大型公共建筑能耗監(jiān)控?cái)?shù)據(jù)采集 Energy consumption monitoring data collection of large public buildings
??2.1能耗監(jiān)控?cái)?shù)據(jù)采集 energy consumption monitoring data collection
??大型公共建筑能耗數(shù)內(nèi)部數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)繁雜,并且耗能的單位較多,為了做好大型公共建筑能耗監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)構(gòu)架,要對大型公共建筑能耗監(jiān)控?cái)?shù)據(jù)信息內(nèi)容進(jìn)行把控。結(jié)合我國頒布的《國家機(jī)關(guān)辦公建筑和大型公共建筑的具體內(nèi)容》當(dāng)中的要求來看,大型公共建筑能耗數(shù)據(jù)信息監(jiān)控內(nèi)容如圖1所示。
??The internal data system of energy consumption of large public buildings is complex, and there are many energy consuming units. In order to do a good job in the framework of energy consumption monitoring system of large public buildings, it is necessary to control the content of energy consumption monitoring data of large public buildings. According to the requirements in the specific contents of state organ office buildings and large public buildings issued by China, the monitoring content of energy consumption data information of large public buildings is shown in Figure 1.
圖1 能耗監(jiān)控?cái)?shù)據(jù)采集內(nèi)容
Figure 1 energy consumption monitoring data collection content
??2.2能耗監(jiān)控?cái)?shù)據(jù)處理 energy consumption monitoring data processing
??在開展大型公共建筑能耗監(jiān)測的過程中,可以借助一般性檢驗(yàn)計(jì)量裝置對能耗數(shù)據(jù)信息進(jìn)行檢測,在明確能耗計(jì)量裝置峰值和谷值的基礎(chǔ)上,對各項(xiàng)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行監(jiān)控。針對電能表當(dāng)中的功率情況進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。為了保障數(shù)據(jù)信息采集,可以連續(xù)兩次進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)信息采集,對兩次數(shù)據(jù)信息采集誤差進(jìn)行把控,確保功率低于之路能耗設(shè)備功率的2倍。在確保數(shù)據(jù)信息采集的基礎(chǔ)上,還需要開展分項(xiàng)能耗數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算,借助計(jì)量裝置開展檢測,結(jié)合各項(xiàng)能耗指標(biāo)的計(jì)算方法,保障計(jì)量檢測水平。
??3大型公共建筑能耗監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)構(gòu)建框架construction framework of energy consumption monitoring system for large public buildings
??3.1系統(tǒng)框架 system framework
??本文當(dāng)中所研究的大型公共建筑能耗監(jiān)控系統(tǒng),緊密依照《國家機(jī)關(guān)辦公建筑和大型公共建筑能耗監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)——軟件開發(fā)指導(dǎo)說明書》當(dāng)中的要求開展設(shè)計(jì)的,切實(shí)滿足了我國規(guī)定的設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。大型公共建筑能耗監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)框架搭建模式如圖2所示,其主要目的便是獲取采集器前端數(shù)據(jù)信息。針對信息資源與數(shù)據(jù)層來說,便是在大型公共建筑當(dāng)中,實(shí)現(xiàn)能源消耗的數(shù)據(jù)信息獲取、傳輸,將采集到的能耗數(shù)據(jù)信息進(jìn)行分類。針對應(yīng)用層來說,涵蓋了數(shù)據(jù)及信息管理、分析展示、信息服務(wù)、后臺管理等四個層次內(nèi)容,不同層次當(dāng)中涵蓋了諸多字內(nèi)容。應(yīng)用層在大型公共建筑能耗監(jiān)控工作當(dāng)中的功能,便是用于能耗數(shù)據(jù)信息處理、展示、數(shù)據(jù)信息監(jiān)測。在應(yīng)用層當(dāng)中,可以將每個功能當(dāng)成獨(dú)立的系統(tǒng)模塊,在設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)用層模塊時,應(yīng)該保障每個處理模塊相對獨(dú)立,減少各個模塊之間的相互干擾,為后續(xù)能耗數(shù)據(jù)信息處理做鋪墊。針對表現(xiàn)層來說,便是對社會當(dāng)中不同角色可以結(jié)合自身的實(shí)際需求,對大型公共建筑能耗數(shù)據(jù)信息進(jìn)行分析。
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圖2 大型公共建筑能耗監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)構(gòu)建框架圖
Figure 2 construction framework of energy consumption monitoring system for large public buildings
??3.2軟件構(gòu)架 software architecture
??大型公共建筑能耗監(jiān)控工作一般是借助軟件APP進(jìn)行操控管理的,在本文當(dāng)中所提及到的大型公共建筑能耗監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)軟件當(dāng)中,涵蓋了監(jiān)控終端、數(shù)據(jù)庫、數(shù)據(jù)管理系統(tǒng)、數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)、防火墻、通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)、集中器、樓宇數(shù)據(jù)信息采集終端。智能樓宇系統(tǒng)所采集到的能耗數(shù)據(jù)信息,會傳輸?shù)綌?shù)據(jù)集中器當(dāng)中,將建筑物當(dāng)中電能表、水表、冷量表、氣表等能耗數(shù)據(jù)信息、運(yùn)行狀態(tài)進(jìn)行集中處理。集中器會將數(shù)據(jù)信息轉(zhuǎn)換成TCP/IP協(xié)議數(shù)據(jù)包等,通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)在防火墻的作用之下,促使數(shù)據(jù)信息處理模塊運(yùn)行,將有關(guān)的能耗數(shù)據(jù)信息傳輸?shù)綌?shù)據(jù)庫當(dāng)中。數(shù)據(jù)信息采集系統(tǒng)對集中器當(dāng)中的樓宇終端通信協(xié)議進(jìn)行管理,定時對數(shù)據(jù)通信存在的錯誤進(jìn)行查錯。針對數(shù)據(jù)丟失、工作異常等諸多內(nèi)容進(jìn)行相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)處理,獲取數(shù)據(jù)庫當(dāng)中的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)信息,結(jié)合系統(tǒng)設(shè)置的能耗監(jiān)測指標(biāo),動態(tài)化對建筑物當(dāng)中的能耗情況進(jìn)行監(jiān)控、測評、分析、存儲、展示。監(jiān)控終端一般會從數(shù)據(jù)庫當(dāng)中獲取相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)并且得出評估結(jié)果,對其進(jìn)行綜合分析把控。監(jiān)控終端會結(jié)合數(shù)據(jù)庫、數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)、通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)、防火墻、集中器等,對控制指令進(jìn)行分析,以便于對樓宇的采集終端數(shù)據(jù)信息狀態(tài)把控。
??4.大型公共建筑能耗監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)key technologies of energy consumption monitoring system for large public buildings.
??4.1多種能耗采集終端接入技術(shù)multiple energy consumption acquisition terminal access technologies
??在大型公共建筑能耗監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)當(dāng)中,關(guān)鍵的技術(shù)之一便是多種能耗采集終端接入技術(shù),以便于對公共建筑當(dāng)中的多種能耗進(jìn)行整合采集。不同品牌能耗監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)當(dāng)中的多種能耗采集終端接入技術(shù)存在不同差異,如何借助一個集中器進(jìn)行多種能耗采集連接至關(guān)重要。因?yàn)椴煌芎谋O(jiān)控系統(tǒng)存在私有協(xié)議,所以在選擇大型公共建筑能耗監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)時,應(yīng)該對不同品牌的系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行分析,明確各個品牌的私有協(xié)議、種能耗采集連接方式,保障不同品牌開發(fā)的能耗監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)滿足大型公共建筑的實(shí)際使用需求,確保軟件系統(tǒng)可以順利接入到不同能耗采集終端當(dāng)中。
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??4.2系統(tǒng)軟件開發(fā)技術(shù)system software development technology
??在實(shí)際開展大型公共建筑能耗監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)運(yùn)用時,需要結(jié)合系統(tǒng)的整體框架和模塊分層特點(diǎn),引入本軟件平臺的開發(fā)技術(shù)。借助Java、JavaScrip等編程語言進(jìn)行程序編碼設(shè)計(jì),將數(shù)據(jù)存儲庫與云存儲技術(shù)相銜接,確保能耗數(shù)據(jù)信息存儲的安全性與巨型容量。在進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)信息傳輸通訊時,應(yīng)該選擇穩(wěn)定的RS485數(shù)據(jù)通信標(biāo)準(zhǔn),保障存儲數(shù)據(jù)信息高質(zhì)量運(yùn)行。
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??5.安科瑞能耗監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)介紹Introduction to ankerui energy consumption monitoring system
??Acrel-5000能耗在線監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)是用戶端能源管理分析系統(tǒng),在電能管理系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)上增加了對水、氣、煤、油、熱(冷)量等集中采集與分析,通過對用戶端所有能耗進(jìn)行細(xì)分和統(tǒng)計(jì),以直觀的數(shù)據(jù)和圖表向管理人員或決策層展示各類能源的使用消耗情況,便于找出高耗能點(diǎn)或不合理的耗能習(xí)慣,節(jié)約能源,為用戶進(jìn)一步節(jié)能改造或設(shè)備升級提供準(zhǔn)確的數(shù)據(jù)支撐。用戶可按照國家有關(guān)規(guī)定實(shí)施能源審計(jì),分析現(xiàn)狀,查找問題,挖掘節(jié)能潛力,提出切實(shí)可行的節(jié)能措施,并向縣級以上人民政府管理節(jié)能工作的部門報(bào)送能源審計(jì)報(bào)告。
??5.1平臺結(jié)構(gòu) platform structure
??Acrel-5000能耗在線監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)以計(jì)算機(jī)、通訊設(shè)備、測控單元為基本工具,根據(jù)現(xiàn)場實(shí)際情況采用現(xiàn)場總線、光纖環(huán)網(wǎng)或無線通訊中的一種或多種結(jié)合的組網(wǎng)方式,為大型公共建筑的實(shí)時數(shù)據(jù)采集及遠(yuǎn)程管理與控制提供了基礎(chǔ)平臺,它可以和檢測設(shè)備構(gòu)成任意復(fù)雜的監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)。開放性、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化、單元化、組態(tài)化的采用面向?qū)ο蟮姆謱印⒎旨?、分布式智能結(jié)構(gòu)。建立如下層次結(jié)構(gòu):
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圖3 平臺結(jié)構(gòu)
Figure 3 platform structure
??5.2平臺功能platform functions
??(1)系統(tǒng)可按使用年份統(tǒng)計(jì)建筑物各分類能耗——電、水、氣、集中供熱、集中供冷以及其它能源消耗量,自動折算成相應(yīng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤消耗量,從而反映建筑物當(dāng)年各分類能耗用能和綜合能耗。系統(tǒng)以餅圖形式展示建筑4大用電分項(xiàng)能耗的占比情況。系統(tǒng)以曲線圖形展現(xiàn)各類能耗的消耗的消耗趨勢,便于業(yè)主方實(shí)時直觀掌握能源消耗情況。
??(2)系統(tǒng)可以根據(jù)分類能耗的支路名稱查詢用能情況,顯示當(dāng)日和當(dāng)月的用能峰值。顯示當(dāng)日用能、當(dāng)月用能、當(dāng)年用能與昨日同期用能、上月同期用能、上年同期用能的比較情況。以條形顯示過去48小時、31天、12個月、3年的能耗情況。右上角顯示過去15分鐘曲線(電表顯示功率曲線,流量表顯示流速曲線)。
??(3)系統(tǒng)依據(jù)建筑物能源消耗的分布情況進(jìn)行能耗計(jì)量點(diǎn)的選取和設(shè)置,使得能耗監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)可以覆蓋整個建筑物。系統(tǒng)使用者可通過相關(guān)界面調(diào)取該建筑物各能耗節(jié)點(diǎn)的能耗統(tǒng)計(jì)報(bào)表,減少用能的“跑、冒、滴、漏"和計(jì)量誤差。
??(4)系統(tǒng)依據(jù)分類分項(xiàng)能耗數(shù)據(jù)采集導(dǎo)則,將建筑物耗電分為照明插座、空調(diào)、動力和特殊用電進(jìn)行計(jì)量裝置選型和設(shè)置,并按用能區(qū)域或功能區(qū)域等劃分并進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì),以報(bào)表和同、環(huán)比棒圖形式展現(xiàn)該區(qū)域的能源消耗。
??(5)系統(tǒng)可針對能源消耗量大的設(shè)備或區(qū)域進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確定位,便于管理層制定節(jié)能績效考核制度,推動節(jié)能降耗的執(zhí)行。為用能設(shè)備建立運(yùn)行記錄檔案,長期跟蹤記錄設(shè)備運(yùn)行過程中的能效分析評估結(jié)果,結(jié)合設(shè)備維護(hù)保養(yǎng)記錄,為設(shè)備的運(yùn)行維護(hù)提供依據(jù)。
??(6)系統(tǒng)提供分級權(quán)限管理功能,對具備權(quán)限用戶提供開放的信息維護(hù)接口,用戶可自行對建筑和系統(tǒng)監(jiān)測范圍內(nèi)計(jì)量點(diǎn)的信息進(jìn)行增、刪、改和查詢,建筑物信息包括建筑類型、建設(shè)年代、建筑面積、建筑物人員數(shù)量等。系統(tǒng)還對無法自動采集的計(jì)量信息提供手動錄入功能,便于使用者掌握建筑物總體能耗情況。
??5.3數(shù)據(jù)上傳data upload
??安科瑞能耗在線監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)按照用能單位能耗在線監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)技術(shù)規(guī)范定義的系統(tǒng)平臺接口協(xié)議規(guī)范的要求,將用能企業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)信息、計(jì)量器具信息、用能數(shù)據(jù)及能效數(shù)據(jù)上傳至省級或國家平臺,上傳數(shù)據(jù)經(jīng)過HTTPS協(xié)議加密傳輸。如果數(shù)據(jù)傳輸失敗或超時(網(wǎng)絡(luò)故障),將重發(fā)數(shù)據(jù),直至接收成功反饋消息。
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??5.4能源計(jì)量表具選型selection of energy meters
??6結(jié)束語 Conclusion
??總而言之,大型公共建筑能耗監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)自身具備一定優(yōu)勢,在運(yùn)行的過程中可以滿足當(dāng)前社會綠色節(jié)能發(fā)展需求。為此,應(yīng)該結(jié)合我國當(dāng)前建筑事業(yè)發(fā)展需求,對大型公
??共建筑能耗監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)以及相關(guān)設(shè)備進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新,完善能耗監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)相關(guān)配套設(shè)施,動態(tài)化及時對大型公共建筑的能耗進(jìn)行分析,及時發(fā)現(xiàn)造成能耗過多造成的問題,并有針對性的進(jìn)行改進(jìn),踐行我國及世界節(jié)能減耗發(fā)展需求。
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